Read by Colin Fluxman

The early 1st millennium BCE was a time of great change and turmoil in the Near East and Eastern Europe. Many of the Bronze Age empires had collapsed, but in their place came new ones in Assyria, Persia, and Babylon, as well as a rejuvenated Egypt. Other peoples also began to enter the historical record and assert themselves. In the wake of the Sea Peoples destruction in Anatolia, the Lydians and Phrygians established powerful kingdoms, and by the 8th century BCE the Greek city-states had formed and the Greeks began establishing colonies along the western coast of Anatolia. Farther to the north in Europe, the Celts were the dominant people, establishing their cultural dominance over most of the continent by the 6th century BCE, while the Scythians and other peoples in what is today Ukraine began to migrate into Anatolia and the Near East. As the warlike Scythians moved south, they pushed another people known as the Cimmerians south into Assyria and Anatolia, resulting in more destruction and chaos and altering the course of history over the next several centuries. The Cimmerians present historians with many dilemmas because a fair amount is known about them for an approximate 200 year period, but little else before or after that time. It is known the Cimmerians had a major impact on the Assyrians, Lydians, and the people of Uratu in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, as evidenced by the numerous texts that testify to their ability to level cities and spread fear across the land. At the same time, however, little is known about the Cimmerians' origins, other than that they probably originated somewhere north of the Caucasus Mountains and were probably Indo-Europeans. Unlocking the mystery of the Cimmerians' origins is crucial, and a complete understanding of the group is impossible without it, but there is plenty more to their story

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