The Philippine archipelago, a vibrant crossroads of East and Southeast Asian trade for centuries, holds a commercial history as rich and complex as its diverse cultures. From the sophisticated indigenous networks that thrived before Western contact, marked by unique currencies and extensive maritime routes, to the profound transformations under Spanish, American, and Japanese rule, the nation's economic journey is a testament to both external influence and enduring local resilience. This book unravels the intricate tapestry of Philippine commerce across these pivotal eras, revealing how each period-from the global reach of the Manila Galleon Trade to the modernizing forces of American free trade and the devastating impact of Japanese occupation-reshaped its markets, industries, and the very fabric of its society. It is a story of adaptation, exploitation, and the persistent spirit of a people navigating a constantly evolving economic landscape

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