Introduction: The mismeasure of crime -- Saving the nation : the racial data revolution and the negro problem -- Writing crime into race : racial criminalization and the dawn of Jim Crow -- Incriminating culture : the limits of racial liberalism in the progressive era -- Preventing crime : white and black reformers in Philadelphia -- Fighting crime : politics and prejudice in the city of brotherly love -- Policing racism : Jim Crow justice in the urban north -- Conclusion: The conundrum of criminality